Q: Six months into my tenant’s one-year lease, which specified "no pets," she got a dog. She assured me it was housebroken, so I said she could keep it. Then I discovered that the dog had urinated all over the carpet. I had it cleaned, and the tenant assured me the behavior would stop. But her approach is to keep the dog crated all day, sometimes 14 hours at a stretch.
The dog has to be miserable and I suspect there will be damage to the flooring due to the poor animal’s inability to hold it. I think this is cruel treatment and I want nothing of it on my property. Can I enforce the original "no pets" clause now? Do I have grounds to terminate the lease, which has three months left? –Maria L.
A: Your experience holds a lot of lessons for other landlords. First, savvy landlords will demand more than a pet owner’s rosy description of a pet’s behavior before they sign a lease. These landlords will take the time and trouble to screen a pet by talking to past landlords and the pet’s vet. They’ll also ask about the pet owner’s plans to give the dog exercise during the day, and will include the plan in the lease.
For example, the pet clause might include a specification that the pet owner provide a dog-walking service once a day, along with the usual promise to pick up pet waste and repair any damage caused by the pet. That way, if the pet owner fails to follow through, the landlord has grounds to terminate (for violation of a lease clause).
When your tenant asked permission to keep the dog, you could have taken these steps, which might have given you a truer picture of the dog’s training and the owner’s intentions. And, of course, you could have just said no. But once you allowed the dog on the property, you waived your right to enforce the "no pets" clause. It’s simply too late now to try to turn back the clock and enforce that clause.
There may be a way, however, for you to insist that the dog be treated more humanely, or to legally terminate the lease. The first option — reforming the tenant and preserving the tenancy — is more attractive and certainly a better outcome for the dog. Sit down with your tenant and express your concerns, in as nonjudgmental a way as possible. Make this about the welfare of the animal, not your tenant’s thoughtlessness.
If that doesn’t work, bring in some reinforcements. You may get some help from your local humane society. If the owner’s treatment amounts to abuse in the eyes of an expert, and if the society is willing to work with you and the tenant, there may be hope. Of course, this too requires the tenant’s cooperation.
The second option is to find a way to legally terminate the lease. If the dog’s confinement is seriously damaging your property, your tenant is committing "waste," a legal term that describes significant damage, way beyond normal wear and tear.
No matter what your lease says, all landlords are entitled to terminate when the tenant commits waste. An inspection of the rental unit, done according to your state’s access and privacy laws, should get you the information you need.
Finally, consider the possibility that the treatment you describe is criminal animal cruelty, as defined in your state’s animal cruelty statutes. All landlords can terminate a tenancy when illegal activity is conducted on the rental property, especially when the property itself is involved in the criminal act.
To take an extreme example, you may (and in most states, you must) terminate if you discover that your tenant is cooking meth in his apartment. But if your tenant simply writes a bad check (which is a criminal offense) at his kitchen table, it’s doubtful that you could terminate on that ground alone.
An animal control officer’s conclusion that the dog’s conditions are illegally cruel, followed by a criminal charge, might support your termination notice. Certainly, if the charge proceeds to trial and there’s a guilty plea or verdict, you may safely terminate. …CONTINUED
Q: As a hearing-impaired tenant, I have asked my landlord to allow me to install extra electrical lines and a cable line so I can use computer equipment that helps me communicate with others. My landlord is asking for "proof." What do I have to show him to get these lines installed? –Tim G.
A: Your landlord’s rather clumsy demand could concern one or two issues. He might be asking you to substantiate your legal status as a person with a disability, and/or he may be asking for proof that the modifications you’re asking for are appropriate. Let’s look at both.
First, landlords are not allowed to ask for proof that a tenant has a disability if that disability is obvious and known. For example, someone who uses a wheelchair clearly has a disability, because the person’s inability to walk (a major life activity) is plain for all to see. Asking for proof that this person has a disability would be harassment, a violation of federal law.
On the other hand, if the disability is not apparent, the landlord is within his rights to ask for substantiation that the tenant meets the legal definition of a person with a disability. Documentation can include a letter from the tenant’s treating physician or any number of reputable third-parties, including counselors. People who receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments automatically meet the legal definition.
So, do you have a disability, from a legal perspective? You don’t tell us the extent of your hearing loss. Someone who is totally deaf would certainly qualify as a person with a disability; someone with only mild impairment may not, however.
(It’s hard to imagine that the scores of people who have slight impairments consider themselves — or are considered by others — to have disabilities.) Whether you use (and are helped by) a hearing aid is irrelevant — it’s whether your unaided condition amounts to a significant or substantial limit on your ability to hear.
Now, what about the requested modification? (We’ll assume that you have successfully established that you have a disability.) Here, common sense also applies. A person whose hearing is substantially impaired will obviously benefit from the use of computer-generated communication, which means that your landlord would be on thin ice if he demanded proof that these tools address the limitation posed by your disability.
But whether the tools will help you is not the end of the inquiry — you’re asking for physical modifications to the structure so that you can use these tools. When the requested modification obviously addresses the problem — think of a ramp for a wheelchair — it would be pointless to demand proof that the request accommodates the person’s disability: Clearly, it does.
But when the need for the modification isn’t apparent, a landlord may ask for information demonstrating that the requested change(s) will accommodate a tenant’s disability. And here is where you may have to do some homework to assure your landlord that the cables and outlets are necessary.
You’re saying that the computer programs you need will require extra electricity that can’t be delivered over the existing circuits. You’re also assuming that a cable line is the only way to receive the programs or information you need. If this is so, fine, but your landlord is within his rights to ask for proof that you’re correct.
Janet Portman is an attorney and managing editor at Nolo. She specializes in landlord/tenant law and is co-author of "Every Landlord’s Legal Guide" and "Every Tenant’s Legal Guide." She can be reached at janet@inman.com.
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