Lat week I had little good to say about Fannie Mae’s new Payment Power Program (PPP), which allows a borrower to skip up to two mortgage payments in any 12-month period, and up to 10 over the life of a loan. A skipped payment results in an additional loan, equal to the payment plus a healthy access fee, tacked on to the balance. As an emergency source of funds, it is much more costly than accessing a home-equity line of credit (HELOC).
My view is that borrowers don’t need a high-cost way to borrow for emergencies. What they need is a no-cost way to accumulate a reserve within their existing mortgage that would allow them to skip or reduce payments when necessary. A truly flexible mortgage would provide this. Here is how it would work.
The flexible mortgage would base the borrower’s payment obligation on the loan balance. A schedule of required balances, declining month by month over the life of the loan, would be part of the contract. If the borrower made all the scheduled payments, his balances month by month would correspond exactly to the required balances. But if he paid more in some months, his actual balance would fall below the required balance, the difference constituting a “reserve account,” which he could draw on by paying less later on.
For example, the loan is for $160,000 at 5.5 percent for 15 years, with a monthly payment of $1,307. The borrower receives a bonus every Christmas from which he pays an extra $1,000 on his mortgage. With each extra payment, the gap between his actual balance and the required balance widens. If he does this five years running and then loses his job, he can skip his payment entirely in months 72, 73, 74, and 75, and in month 76 he can pay only $575. At that point, the actual balance and required balance are equal, so his “reserve” is exhausted.
Or suppose the borrower inherits $10,000, which he decides to use as an extra payment in month 12. If he falls sick in month 37, he can skip eight payments and most of a ninth before his reserve is exhausted.
In many cases, a borrower wants only to reduce the payment, as opposed to skipping it entirely. If the borrower who prepaid $10,000 in month 12 needed to cut his payment from $1,307 to $1,000 starting in year 4, he could do it for 39 months before exhausting his reserve.
The beauty of the flexible mortgage from a borrower’s perspective is that once he/she gets ahead of the game, his/her payment can be anything he/she wishes. The only limitation is that the actual balance must stay below the maximum balance each month.
This flexible mortgage is not rocket science. The numbers cited above were drawn from an Excel spreadsheet that required only a minor add-on to an existing amortization spreadsheet. The payment option adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) that many lenders offer today is far more complicated.
Servicing a flexible mortgage presents only modest challenges. At a minimum, the lender would have to inform the borrower of the minimum payment required each month, something they do now on option ARMs. It would not be difficult to provide a wider range of possibilities, or to allow borrowers to test their own preferences by accessing their account over the Internet.
Since the borrower’s obligation on a flexible mortgage is defined in terms of the balance rather than the payment, delinquency and default would also be defined in this way. Delinquency would be a single occurrence where the actual balance exceeded the required balance, and default would be a succession of months (perhaps three) in which this happened.
The flexible mortgage encourages borrowers to save nuts for the winter. Hence, I would expect that both delinquencies and defaults would be lower than on our current mortgages.
Some lenders in the United Kingdom, Australia and South Africa provide mortgages with much greater payment flexibility than anything available in the United States. At least one large lender in South Africa allows complete payment flexibility so long as the balance does not exceed the original balance, which is much more radical than using a declining required balance.
On some automobile loans in the United States, a borrower who makes a double payment one month can skip paying the next month. If the borrower makes a triple payment, he can skip two months, and so on. This is not nearly as flexible as the declining balance proposal, but it is very simple and would be a step forward.
The writer is Professor of Finance Emeritus at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Comments and questions can be left at www.mtgprofessor.com.
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